1. From: "Selected Hungarian Legends" F. B. Kovacs ed., transl. by E. Wass de Czege, Danubian Press, Astor Park, 1971.

1. Prof. Gy. Laszlo: "A Kettos Honfoglalasrol" ("The two Conquests"), "Archeologiai Ertesito"’, 97, pp.161-190; Prof. P. Liptak: "Origin and development of the Hungarian People", "Homo" XXI (4), pp. 197-210.

1. Recent historical research throws a different light upon this covenant. It seems that the Hungarian tribal federation was led, in the IXth century, by a (nominal) head of state, the "kende", who shared his rule with the military commander, the "gyula" (or "horka"). At the time of the Settlement the "kende" was Kurszan (Kusid or Kursan), and the "gyula" was Almos, then his son, Arpad, who planned and conducted the military operations of the conquest. "Kende" Kurszan was killed during a raid in 904 and "gyula" Arpad became the sole ruler of the new nation. After having secured the succession for his son (Solt or Zoltan’), he conferred the office of the "gyula" on another tribal chief. (Cf. the "Gyula" mentioned in chapters 4, 5 and 14). The "Blood Treaty" may have been fully or partly invented by the medieval chroniclers in order to justify the succession of the Arpad dynasty.

1. Yonder lies a round, black (I) sward. An enchanted stag grazes on it. His marvelous head carries a thousand antlers. On the thousand antlers a thousand mass-candles burn without being lit – and they go out by themselves.

My hiding place is the old law,

hola, I hide in songs!

(Recorded in Zala county, Transdanubia).

Get up father, get up mother, the Ancient Ones have come.

My hiding place is the old law, I hide in songs!

(Recorded in Udvarhely county, Transylvania).

Stork, stork, turtle-dove,

Why are your feet bleeding?

Turkish children cut them,

Magyar children heal them,

With pipes, drums, and reed violins .

Tall is the ‘ruta" tree – leaning over the great sea.

Fair Ilona Magyar wears – a crown of pearls

In her golden-silky hair .

(Recorded in Nyitra county, Northern Hungary).

Sandor Petofi: (In Hungarian:)

Gazing round the battlefield of Doberdo,

I admire the starry heaven’s wonder bow;

Starry heavens, lead me to my Magyar country,

Show me where my darling mother weeps for me!

Dearest mother, wonder where my end shall be?

Where my crimson blood shall flow away from me?

In the heart of Poland you will find me buried;

Dearest mother, never, never weep for me!

(Bekes county, Southern Hungary, Transl. by J. C. Toth).

Jolly hussar, jolly hussar, jolly when he’s dancing;

Jingling saber jingling saber, jingling as he’s prancing;

Jingling, jingling, go on jingling, click your, click your spurs too!

Louis Kossuth’s listing crew is making music rouse you.

There where I am passing, even trees are weeping.

From their tender branches golden leaves are falling.

Weeps the road before me, grieves the path forlornly;

Even they are saying: Farewell, God be with thee.

I’m a goin’, goin’, far away a goin’,

From the dust of roamin’, I’ve a mantle formin’!

All my grief and sorrow, sadly twine around it,

While my falling tears drop buttons shining on it.

(Csik county, Szekely district. Transl. by J. C. Toth).

(Bukovina, a Csango-Szekely song. Transl. by I. C. Toth).

How I wish I were a morning star-beam!

I would shine on you, my dear, when you dream;

One last kiss, I’d ask you then to give me.

(Great Plain. Transl. by J. C. Toth).

Fragrant are the woods when they are green!

Lovely when the wild dove’s nest is seen!

Close beside her lover constantly!

(Nyitra county, Northern Hungary. Transl. by J. C. Toth)

Leaving with the waning of the morning star,

Glowing starlight beams up on my little sweet.

(Bekes county, Great Plain. Transl. by J. C. Toth).

(Bukovina, a Szekely-Csango song. Transl. by J.C. Toth).

Slipping, slopping is the louse, best man should be smarter;

Jerking, jumping up the flea, best man, too; pretending;

Ev’ry kind of ugly bug wants to be attending.

Love is such a splendid thing!

Love is but a dream though, if you’ve never known its glow;

0 how sad if it is so!

(Nyitra county, Northern Hungary. Transl. by J. C. Toth).

Cf. Vopiscus: "Vita Aureliani" 39:(Aurelianus)"... provinciam Daciam a Traiano constitutam sublato exercitu et provincialibus reliquit. . ." Also: Eutropias IX. ". . . abductosque Romanos ex urbibus et agris Daciae. . ." These and other contemporary Roman and Greek historians state that emperor Aurelianus evacuated the entire Roman population both from the towns and rural areas of Dacia.

According to F. J. Suizer (Geschichte Daciens, Vienna, (1781) and E. R. Rosler (Rumanusche Studien; Leipzig, 1871), the original home of the Vlach (Wallachian, Rumanian) people was in the south of the Balkan peninsula (between Albania, Greece and Bulgaria). After the IXth century these nomadic herdsmen moved to the north and north–east. One branch crossed the lower Danube and moved into the Wallachian Plain (between the Carpathians and the lower Danube). A Byzantian source (Anna Comnena) mentions them here first in the XIth century. From here some of them crossed the Transylvanian mountains into Hungary. A Hungarian document from. 1224 mentions first the presence of some Viach shepherds in the Fogaras district (south-western Transylvania). (Cf. Zathureczky: Transylvania. Anderson Research Center, University of Florida, 1963).