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Wartime American Plans for a New Hungary |
1. For the Inquiry in general, see: Lawrence E. Gelfand, The Inquiry. American Preparations for Peace,1917-1919(New Haven,1963).For its activities as they touched on Hungary, see Peter Pastor, Hungary between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918-1919 and the Big Three (New York, 1976), and Sandor Taraszovics, "American Peace Plans and the Shaping of Hungary's Post-World War I Borders," in Essays on World War I: Total War and Peacemaking. A Case Study on Trianon. Ed. by Béla K. Király, Peter Pastor and Ivan Sanders (New York, 1982), 227-254.
2.Harley Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation 1939-1945(Washing- ton, 1949), 3-82; and Post World War II Foreign Policy Planning. State Department Records of Harley A. Notter, 1939-1945. Ed. by Eduard Mark (Congressional Information Service, 1987), IX-XII.
3. These and later biographical data are based on various encyclopedias.
4. Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Peace and Counterpeace. From Wilson to Hitler. Memoirs of Hamilton Fish Armstrong (New York, 1971).
5. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Box 45, 80, and especially 211 and 214, particularly the Diary entries for April 25, 1940, May 6, 1942, Oct. 3, 1942, and Dec. 15, 1942; see also National Archives, Washington (hereafter: NA), RG 226. Office of Strategic Services, Foreign Nationalities Branch (hereafter: OSS, FNB) INT-15 HU-54, 223 and 523.
6. Harley Notter, op. cit., 119-159, and 520-525.
7.Arthur J. May,"The Mid-European Union," in The Immigrants' Influence on Wilson's Peace Policies. Ed. by Joseph P. O'Grady(Lexington, 1967),250-271.
8. Robert H. Ferrel, "The United States and East Central Europe before 1941," in The Fate of East Central Europe. Hopes and Failures of American Foreign Policy. Ed. by Stephen D. Kertész (University of Notre Darne, 1956), 48-49; Zsuzsa L. Nagy, "The United States and the Danubian Basin 1919-1939," in Etudes historiques hongroises (Budapest, 1975), 353-382; Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Montgomery Papers. No. 353. Box 2. The Messersmith and Montgomery correspondence of 1937-1938.
9. John F. Montgomery, Hungary,the Unwilling Satellite(New York,1947), 215; and Emil Csonka, Habsburg Ottó. Egy különös sors története (München, 1972), 356.
10. For an analysis of these and other proposals not presented here, see NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 56. P-46. Proposals for the political reorganization of Eastern Europe, August 19, 1942. For Otto's and Bene's programs, see Otto of Austria, "Danubian Reconstruction," and Eduard Bene, "The Organisation of Postwar Europe," Foreign Affairs, (January 1942), 226-252; cf. Joachim Kühl, Föderationsplne im Donauraum und in 0stmittel-Europa (München, 1958), 108-110.
11. In the case of documents included in the volume, reference will be to location within the volume. Part I, 1.
12. Sumner Welles, The Time for Decision (New York, 1944), 255-256.
13. Part I, 1.
14. Idem.
15. Idem.
16. Part I, 2.
17. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 55. P Minutes-12., May 23, 1942.
18.Loc cit., Box 57. P-Doc204
. The feasibility of an East European Union, February 10, 1943.
19. Loc. cit., Box 54. P-Doc. 214. Tentative Views of the Subcommittee on Political Problems, March 12, 1943.
20 cf. Geir Lundestad,The American Non-Policy Towards Eastern Europe. 1943-1947 (New York, 1975), 349-351.
21. NA RG 59. Office of European Affairs. M 1244/17. Negotiations with regards to"Treaties of a Political Character" which have taken place between the Soviet and British Governrnents since the outbreak of the German-Soviet war. cf. Elisabeth Barker, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War (London, 1976), 129; and Stephen Kertész, The Last European Peace Conference: Paris !946--Conflict of Values (Lanharn, 1985), 5-6.
22. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Box 214. May 2, 1942.
23. NA RG 59. Notter File Box 55. P Minutes-13, May 30, 1942, and Box 59. T Minutes, October 9, 1942. 24. Loc. cit, Box 56. P-Doc. 135. Official Russian Views on Post-War Settlements, November 11, 1942.
25.Loc cit., Box 61. T-Doc. 222. Russia and an East European Federation, October 26, 1942.
26. Loc. cit., Box 55. P Minutes-13, May 30, 1942.
27. NA RG 59. M 1244/17. Records of the Office of European Affairs, 1934-1947.
28. Kertész, op. cit., 7-8.
29. United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter: PRUS}: The Conference at Cairo and Teheran I943 (Washington, 1961), 879-880.
30. Eduard Mark,"American Policy toward Eastern Europe and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1946. An Alternative Interpretation," The Journal of
American History, Vol. 68. No. 2 (Sept. 1981), 317-320.
31. Philip E. Mosely, "Hopes and Failures: American Policy Toward East Central Europe, 1941-1947," in Kertész, ed., op. cit. 62-63.
32. Walter Lippman, U.S. War Aims (London, 1944). 48-53.
33. Welles, op. cit., 254-255, and 332.
34. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 84. R Minutes-12, 13, 14, February 4 and 18, and March, 3, 1944.
35. Part III, 1.
36. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 54. P-Doc. 151-c. Tentative Views of the Territorial Subcommittee. December 7, 1942, and Box 59. T Minutes-15 and 16, August 14 and 16, 1942.
37. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park. Official File, Box 1. Folder 226. Roosevelt to Congress on June 2, 1942; and The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York, 1948), Vol. II, 1114 and 1576.
38. For the Czechoslovak census of especially 1930, its methods and distortions, see Gyula Popély, "Az 1930. évi csehszlovák népszámlálás végrehajtása," in Magyarságkutatás l988. Eds., Gyula Juhász and Csaba Gy. Kiss, (Budapest, 1988), 145-176.
39. Part II, Chapter I, 1, and Chapter II, 1, 2, 3.
40. Part II, Chapter I, 2, 3 and 4; Chapter II, 4 and 6. |
41. Part II, Chapter I, 5. |
42. Part II, Chapter I, 6.
43. Idem, 7.
44. Idem, 8.
45. Part II, Chapter II, 9.
46. Part II, Chapter I, 8.
47. NA RG 226. OSS. FNB. INT-15HU-352 and 353.
48. Loc. cit., INT-15HU-80.
49. Loc. cit., INT-15HU-677. The Romanian secret service report found its way into Mihail Antonescu's files; a copy was returned to Washington in December of 1944.
50. Part II, Chapter I, 7, and Chapter II, 7.
51. Part II,Chapter II, 11. and NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 65. T-Doc. 387. The Problem of Subcarpathian Ruthenia: Basic factors, October 28, 1943. 52. Eduard Mark, op cit., (1987) XI.
53. Part II, Chapter III, 1.
54. Idem, 2.
55. Idem, 3.
56. Idem, 5.
57. Idem, 4.
58. Notter, op. cit., 177.
59. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 152. H-32a. Supplement. April 20, 1944.
60. Loc. cit., H-26. Supplement. April 19, 1944.
61. Loc. cit., Box 153. H-43a. Transylvania, April 20, 1944.
62. Loc. cit., H-86. Burgenland, April 17, 1944.
63. Part IV, 1.
64. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 140. Minutes, May 26, 1944.
65. Part IV, 2 and 3.
66. Part IV, 4.
67. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 59. T Minutes, June 6, 1942, and August 14, 1942.
68. Loc. cit., Box 58. P-256. Official Policies and Views Regarding the Post-War Settlement, May 25, 1944.
69. Bene, op. cit., 237-238.
70. See note 68, as well as Box 63. T-Doc. 327. Summary of Czechoslovak Peace Aims, May 5, 1943, and NA RG 226. OSS. FNB. INT-15HU-456.
71. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 58. P-Doc. 256, May 25, 1944.
72. Loc. cit., Box 54. Talks with F. D. Roosevelt, 1942-1944. cf. Box 59. T
Minutes, October 9, 1942.
73. FRUS. The Conference at Quebec. Washington, 1972, 369.
74. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 67. T-Doc. 491d. Policy toward the Settlement of Territorial Disputes in Europe. June 21, 1944.
75. Gyula Juhász, "A második becsi döntés," Kulpolitika, (1987/5), 152; cf
Andor Gellért, "Magyar diplomaták Moszkvában, 1934-1941," Új Látóhatár, (1975/1), 17-35.
76. NA RG 59. Office of European Affairs. M 12444/17. Negotiatione with
Regard ....
77. Ibid.
78. NA RG 59.Notter File, Box 109. CAC-82. Prel. Rumania. February 21, 1944, and FRUS.Diplomatic Papers 1944. Vol. II. (Washington, 1966), 148-152, 170-180, and 200, as well as Vol. V, (Washington, 1967), 526.
79. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 70. T-Doc. 200a. Soviet War Aims...., September 14, 1943.
80. Nicholas Roosevelt, A Front Row Seat (Norman, 1953), 189-190.
81. John F. Montgomery, op. cit., 22 and 28.
82.Francis Deák,Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference(NewYork, 1942), 15-21, and Peter Pastor, op. cit., 101-102.
83. Harry Hill Bandholtz, An Undiplomatic Diary (New York, 1933).
84. Marian McKenna,Borah (University of Michigan,1961),275; and Mark Imre Major, American-Hungarian Relations,1918-1944 (Astor, Fla.,1974),84-92.
85. Csonka, op. cit., 293, 235; and John F. Montgomely, op. cit., 45. 86. Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Montgomery Papers, No. 353. Box. 2. Montgomery to Louis G. Michelmey, November 17, 1937.
87. Armstrong, op. cit., 171-174.
88. Sumner Welles, Where Are We Heading? (New York, 1946), 128-130.
89. Oscar Jászi, "Dismembered Hungary and Peace in Central Europe," Foreign Affairs, (Dec. 1923), 270-281; and Count Stephen Bethlen, "Hungary in the New Europe,"Foreign Affairs, (April 1925), 445-458.Cf. Armstrong, op. cit., 279.
90. Otto of Austria, op. cit.; Eduard Bene, op. cit., and Rustem Vámbéry, "The Tragedy of the Magyars. Revisionism and Nazism," Foreign Affairs, (April
1942), 477-488; cf. Csonka, op. cit., 345.
91. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 65. T-Doc430
and 431. Hungarian Land
Reform since 1918, and Hungarian Agriculture.
92. Loc cit., Box 66. T-Doc. 465. A Suggested Basis for Land Reform in Hungary. March 11, 1944, and Box 153. H-87-a. Hungary, Land Reform. May 2, 1944; cf. Vámbéry, op. cit., and Paul Tabori, "The Problem of Hungary," The Contemporary Review, (September 1942), 159-164.
93. Loc.cit.,Box 71. TS-58. Hungary IV. Permanent Government, February
9, 1944, and Box 153. H-104. January 27, 1944.
94. Idem, and Box 66. T-Doc. 465. March 11, 1944; cf RG 226. OSS. Box
177. No. 27158.
95. Part III, 3.
96. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 66. T-Doc. 465. March 11, 1944.
97. Part III, 3.
98. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 68. T-Doc. 553. The political position of the Archduke Otto von Habsburg. December 5, 1944.
99. Loc. cit., Box 153. H-104. January 27, 1944; and Part III, 1.
100.FRUS.Diplomatic Papers 1944.VoI. III.(Washington, 1965), 860- 876.
101.Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, President's Secretary's File. Box 77. Welles's letters of March 31, 1942 and Aug. 30 to Roosevelt.
102. Loc. cit., Adolf A. Berle Papers. Box 214. Diary, December 8, 1942.
103. Csonka, op. cit., 363-364.
104. For details, see Péter Sipos and István Vida, "Az Egyesült Államok és Magyarország a második világháboru végén," Valóság, (1980/2), 72-74.
105. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 140. Minutes,May 26, 1944, and Part IV,
1.
106. Philip E. Mosely, op. cit., 76.
107. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 84. R Minutes 14, March 3, 1944.
108. Loc. cit., Records of the European Affairs, 1934-1947. M 1244/17. Matthews's memo of December 28, 1944.
109.Stanley M.Max,The United States, Great Britain and the Sovietization of Hungary, 1945-1948 (New York, 1985), 25-32.
110. Idem, 13-14.
111. Sipos and Vida, op. cit., 82-85.
112. FRUS. The Conference at Malta and Yalta 1945 (Washington, 1955),
245. 113. Max, op. cit., 63-92.
114.Fordetails,seePéterVárkonyi,Magyar-amerikaikapcso1atok1945-948, (Budapest, 1971), 171-198. ;
115. Potsdam Conference Documents 1945.Reel 1. The Berlin Conference. Territorial Studies. July 6, 1945. University Publications of America (Micro- film).
116. FRUS. Diplomatic Papers 1946. Vol.II. (Washington, 1967), 279; cf. Bennet Kovrig, "Peacemaking after World War II: The End of the Myth of National Self-Determination," in The Hungarians: A Divided Nation Ed. by Stephen Borsody (New Haven, 1988), 69-88.
117. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 116. CAC-328.December 15,1944;FRUS 1946. Vol II. Council of Foreign Ministers. (Washington, 1970), 418; cf Sándor Balogh, "Az 1946. februar 27-i magyar-csehszlovak lakosságcsere egyezmény," Történelmi Szemle, (1979/1), 59-66.
118. Potsdam Conference Documents 1945. Reel 1; Enikõ A. Sajti, Nemzettudat, jugoszlávizmus, magyarság (Szeged, 1991), 123-131.
119. NA RG 59. Notter File, Box 154. H-165, and Box 116. CAC-328; FRUS. Diplomatic Papers. 1945. Vol. IV. (Washington, 1968), 928-929; and FRUS. 1946. Vol. III. Paris Peace Conference: Proceedings (Washington, 1970).
120. Mihály Fülöp, "A berlini (potsdami) értekezlet és az europai béke," Külpolitika, (1987/5), 170.
121. Potsdam Conference Documents 1945. Reel 1, and No. 407; cf FRUS. Diplomatic Papers 1945. Vol. V. 509-510, 524-527.
122. FRUS. Diplomatic Papers 1945. Vol. II.(Washington, 1967), 147-150,
184, 227-228, 275-283, 311;cf Sándor Balogh, "Erdély és a második világháború utáni békerendezés," Külpolitika, (1987/5), 188-189; Bennet Kovrig, op. cit., 77.
123. Kertész,op.cit., 15-127; cf.FRUS1946
. Vol. VI. (Washington, 1969), 280-282; Ferenc Nagy, Küzdelem a vasfüggöny mögött (Budapest, 1990), I, 277-278. |
124. FRUS1946
.Vol.II. Council of Foreign Ministers. (Washington,1970), 259-260. t
125. Ibid.
126. John C. Campbell, "The European Territorial Settlement," Foreign Affairs, (October 1947), 212.
127. FRUS. 1946. Vol. VI. (Washington, 1969), 306-308.
128. Loc cit, 302-304; Vol. II. Council of Foreign Ministers. (Washington, 1970), 441-442. b
129. Nagy, op. cit., 301. t
130. FRUS. 1946 Vol. III. Paris Peace Conference: Proceedings (Washing- ton, 1970), 210-221, 249-282; cf. Balogh, op. cit., 197-198.
131. Idem, 375-376.
132. Welles, Where Are We Heading, 128-129.
133. Campbell, op. cit., 218.
134. Max, op. cit., 105-110.
135. Montgomery, op. cit., "Dedication."
136. Max, op. cit., 125-126.
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Wartime American Plans for a New Hungary |