Mark Imre Major : American Hungarian Relations 1918-1944

The Hungarians in the United States have no contact with one
another. Our business and other interests have dispersed us all
over the country. It is imperative that the Hungarians living
in this country should have a newspaper to manifest their
manly courage in defending the interests of their native
country abroad. We may have lost our Hungarian citizenship,
but no law can deprive us of our right to be devoted to our
own fatherland.⁽²⁷⁾

The editors of the paper had a thorough knowledge of the Hungarian immigrant mentality. The Fatherland must be defended against a real enemy and no more ideal foe could be found than Austria.

One of the most permanent Hungarian papers was the Szabadsag (Liberty). It was founded in 1891 and celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation in 1941. The paper called itself liberal and took an effective stand for liberal democracy. It claimed to be the leader of the Hungarians in the United States and, in 1942, reported a circulation of 40,612. Ater that the paper sharply declined. Another Hungarian-language daily, the Amerikai Magyar Nepszava (American Hungarian People's Voice ), was launched in 1899 The paper gave its readers what they wanted: news and patriotic stories from the old country.

The Left-wing press was represented by Elore (New Forward) which was transformed into Uj elore and, after a period of hibernation, emerged as Magyar Jovo ( Hungarian Future) describing itself as a "Democratic, anti-Fascist daily" and claiming forty-five years of previous existence in 1946. Most of the time it was rather anticapital and sentimentally fond of the Soviet Union. It was one of the few Hungarian newspapers that did not attempt ta pursue a nationalist Hungarian policy in the United States and never waged a war against the Trianon Treaty. Elore

was the publication ol the American Hungarian Socialist Federatlon, which federation had many crypto-communist members.

Az Ember (The Man) had a unique history in Hungarian journalism. It was founded in Budapest before World War I, under the editorship of Ferenc Gondor. He supported the Hungarian Communist regime after World War I. From Budapest the paper was transferred to Vienna where it fought "White Hungary". Ferenc Gondor became one of the most hated men in Horthy's Hungary. While many of the former political exiles were gradually forgiven and some of them returned to their native country. (Gondor moved his paper from Vienna to New York, where it was established in 1926. It became known as a fighter for liberal causes and a great admirer of the policy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt The paper made many foes, and this was probably the reason that the main Hungarian centers usually voted for Republican candidates.

The principal Hungarian settlements were the main Hungarian-language newspaper publishing centers: New York, (Cleveland Detroit, Pittsburgh, Chicago. St. Louis, and Milwaukee. In 1884 the Hungarians in America had only one newspaper. ⁽²⁸⁾ In 1898 the number rose to five. In 1913 the number increased to fifteen and it reached twenty-seven in 1918. Between the world wars. altogether about forty Hungarian-language newspapers were pub lished in the United States. The Hungarian press grew because America was no longer a transit station. Three of these papers were dailies, most of the others were weeklies, and a few were fraternity publications. Most of them described themselves as "Independent" or "Non-party"; while a few called themselves "Democratic" "Catholic", or "Religious". There was a "Republican" paper and there was even a monarchist monthly publication promoting the candidacy of Otto von Habsburg to the Hungarian

throne. The combined circulation of the papers amounted to about a quarter of a million ⁽²⁹⁾

All week long the new American worked in mine and mill, but Sunday was his day at home and at the church, where God understood his language. which men did not understand. He shep herded his children into the House of God where they heard the Hungarian tongue. The church was instrumental in keeping his children from becoming strangers in the parental house.

The Catholic Hungarians in the United States had their first church in Cleveland. It was built in 1895. Before World War I, Catholic churches were built in other Hungarian diaspora centers too, such as Bridgeport, Toledo, and South Bend.

The largest of the Protestant churches of Hungarian-born Americans after the war was the Reformed Church in the United States, consisting of the Eastern, Central, and Western districts. The American Hungarian Reformed Church comprised several parishes. The Episcopalian Church also had Hungarian-language parishes and so had the Southern Presbyterian Church. Small congregations were maintained by the Hungarian Baptists, Methodists, Seventh Day Adventists, and Unitarians.

As a national religious community the Jews of Hungary did not play an important part in the United States. Most Hungarian immigrants before World War I were non-Jews. If the Jewish immigrants joined any group, most likely it was a neighborhood synagogue without any special nationality affiliation.⁽³⁰⁾

The immigrant came to the United States and was transplanted into an entirely different setting. America was a nation of "joiners". People were expected to join all kinds of organizations to meet like-minded people. It was natural that the American Hungarians, too, had their associations. In general. strong Hungarian national sentiment characterized the American Hungarian

organizations. Paradoxically, the nationalistic feeling increased, rather than declined, as a result of transplantation to the alien soil. Home became a much sweeter place when it was no longer theirs.

As the tidal wave of Hungarian immigration set in, the fraternal insurance companies came into existence. One of the first and most important of these was the Verhovay Segely Egylet (Verhovay Fraternal Insurance Association). It was founded in Cleveland on February 20, 1886. The Association was named after Gyula Verhovay, a member of the Hungarian parliament. The Association started with a capital of $17,25, which thirteen ordinary miners collected themselves. Verhovay was chartered as a sick-benefit and burial association. A year after its foundation it had seventy-seven members and assets amounting to $126.83. The number of members increased as the number of Hungarians in America grew. The Verhovay Fraternal Insurance Association became the largest of all American-Hungarian fraternal orders Its total membership in 1944 amounted to 52,292; it had total assets of $7,408,000 and 364 lodges.⁽³¹⁾

Another big Hungarian organization was the Amerikai Magyar Reformatus Egyesulet (Hungarian Reformed Federation of America). It started in 1896 at Pittsburgh with 320 members and a total of $272.15. The federation had such rapid growth that after World War I it established a Hungarian orphan asylum and a home for old people in Ligonier, Pensylvania. They called it Bethlen Otthon (Bethlen Home), after Gabor Bethlen, the great Protestant ruler of Transylvania in the sixteenth century. In the Golden Jubilee year of 1946 the membership of the Fede ration was more than 26,000 and its assets amounted to $2,652,357 The number of its lodges was 235, distributed throughout the main American-Hungarian settlements. ⁽³²⁾

The third largest Hungarian fraternal organization, The Rakoczi Segelyzo Egyesulet (Rakoczi Aid Association of Bridgeport), started at Bridgeport in 1888 with an initial capital of $7.50. In 1946 the Association had 24,222 members in 144 lodges, and assets close to five million dollars.⁽³³⁾ Besides these there were many small fraternal organizations all over the United States. The American Sick Benefit and Life Insurance Association was founded in 1892 in Bridgeport. In 1897 the Hungarian Catholics founded their association called "Virgin Mary, Patroness of Hungarians". Others were named for Hungary's historic figures, such as Louis Kossuth, Count Stephen Szechenyi (often called the greatest Hungarian), John Hunyadi and Nicolas Zrinyi (the two Turk-Beaters), then Francis Deak, whom his countrymen called the Fatherland's Sage. Many of the societies were named after saints revered in Hungary, such as St. Stephen, St. Emeric, and St. Elizabeth. Some of them were highly nostalgic, judging by their names, such as "First Hungarian Christian Sick Benefit Society Trusting in God" and "Akron God Bless the Hungarian Sick Benefit Society". Some of those who came from Hungary joined American organizations. One of the largest was the I.W.O., International Workers' Order. Its Hungarian branch, Testveriseg (Fraternity), claiming 2,790 members in 1945, was patronized by Left-wing followers.

American-Hungarians of the Jewish faith also founded many fraternal organizations. These organizations were usually given the names of historic Hungarian persons, such as Kossuth, or Joseph Kiss, a Hungarian poet of the Jewish faith, or Theodor Herzl, founder of modern Zionism.

The First Hungarian Literary Society was founded in New York before World War I. Similar societies were set up in Chicago, Cleveland, Bridgeport, Akron, Youngstown, Trenton, Passaic, and Perth Amboy. The object of the First Hungarian Literaly

Society in New York was to arrange debates and lectures, to foster literature and social life among the members and to maintain a library. The Hungarian Cultural Association of Philadelphia set out to foster sympathy for Hungary, secure American interest for Hungary, foster the Hungarian language, and promote business contacts between the United States and Hungary. The Detroit Magyar Klub (Hungarian Club) entertained and was entertained by some of the most famous visiting Hungarian artists and welcomed some of the best-known Hungarian statesmen. The end of the First World War saw the influx of a large number of college-bred Hungarians - physicians, scientists, and lawyers. Chicago Hungarians founded the Egyetemi Kor (University Association), for members with academic backgrounds, and they gave life to the Amerikai Magyar Diak Egylet (American Hungarian Student Association). In New York, the intellectuals got together in the early twenties and founded Ady Endre Tarsasag -Ady Endre Society), named after Hungary's greatest twentieth century poet. The Ady Society served as a bridge between the Hungarian-born Inteligentzia of New York and Budapest. It be came a tradition for visiting Hungarian artists to appear on the platform of the Ady Society.⁽³⁴⁾

The American-Hungarians and Hungary's Case for Justice

This was the past and structure of the Hungarian immigration which the home country wanted to use for the cause of the Revision of the Trianon Treaty. The organization of the American-Hungarians for the purpose of revisionism began immediately after the war. As noted earlier, the movement of the political refugees failed mainly because it was anti-nationalistic, accepting the support of the successor states, and because it did not emphasize the question of the revision of the treaty of Trianon. On the other hand, the nationalistic organizations had success among American Hungarians for the simple reason that they seemed to be pro

Hungarian. The social order of the mother country was a secondary issue for American-Hungarians when the real one arose: survival. Hungarians in America could belong to different religions and classes, could differ in world outlook, but there was one issue on which nearly all ex-Hungarians in the United States agreed after World War I: the question of Hungary's boundaries. Even the least nationalistic Hungarians agreed that the frontiers of Hungary were not just.

Hungarian irredenta swept all the American-Hungarian organizations. The activities of these organizations were manifold. They wrote letters to prominent Americans, including the members of the Senate and the President of the United States. On the occasion of President Harding's inauguration, the Hungarian Territorial Integrity League addressed a memorial to the chief of the United States of America, in which the League, on behalf of the mutilated Hungarian nation, referred to humanity and justice. The address stated that Hungary's enemies misrepresented her actions and history before the tribunal of the world. They charged Hungary with responsibility for the war, though until the very last moment the Hungarian Government alone opposed the declaration of war. At the discussions and crown councils prior to the declaration of war against Serbia in 1914, it was Count Stephen Tisza, Hungary's premier, who alone opposed the Dual Monarchy's sharp ultimatum to Serbia and had it recorded in the minutes that Hungary protested against any infringement of Serbia's independence as well as against any Austro-Hungarian expansion in the Balkans. Once more before the end of the war did Tisza raise his voice in protest against the politics of the Central Powers, when he opposed the declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare, which, he feared, would give President Wilson the opportunity of bringing the United States into the war. They charged that Hungary oppressed the national minorities by the suppression of their language, literature, and personal liberties. However, there could be no more damning proof of these slanders than the fact that during the peace negotiations. when Hungary

proposed that her nationalities should be allowed to vote freely as to which state they would join, Hungary's neighbors violently protested.

Therefore the Hungarian nation never can and never will submit to the outrageous provisions of the Peace Treaty.

Mr. President, we confidently hope that, if the voice of truth can reach you - and it will be rightly interpreted by the one and a half millions of Magyars who have become faithful citizens of the great American Commonwealth - your sense of justice will be aroused to indignation at the senseless and stupid outrage inflicted upon us by those responsible for the Peace Treaty. ⁽³⁵⁾

When Hoover was elected President, the League sent a telegram requesting him to consider Hungary's plea for revision. In 1930, on the tenth anniversary of the Trianon Treaty, pleas were sent to Henry Lewis Stimson, at that time Secretary of State, and to other prominent personalities. On that occasion, Senator Borah said that the greatest injustice was committed against Hungary in Versailles and that the Paris peace treaties needed a revision.

Another convinced friend of the Hungarian people and an enthusiastic champion of "Justice for Hungary" was Professor Henry A. Heydt of New York University. During this year, he delivered several speeches at New York University with regard to the injustices of the Treaty of Trianon. He also caused these speeches to be printed and to be distributed to all members of the Congress. Professor Heydt, among others, stated: "If we believe in justice and law, if we believe firmly in Christian morals, we have to destroy Trianon".⁽³⁶⁾

In 1930, Hungary celebrated the nine-hundred years' anniversary of the death of St. Imre, the son of St. Stephen and. the patron of the Hungarian youth. This was a good occasion to have many visitors and receive Church dignitaries. Among them was John Francis Noll, Roman Catholic Bishop of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Bishop Noll was apparently much impressed by what he saw in Hungary. Returning home, he published and circulated a letter in his diocese, stating that Hungary was forced into the war against her own will and, in spite of this, had suffered severely by the terms of the peace treaties. Bishop Noll claimed that Hungary's frontiers were drawn unreasonably, and that apparently only motives of revenge had guided those who had formed the Treaty of Trianon. The letter was published in Hungary too, by the Uj Nemzedek (The New Generation), a very popular Catholic daily in Budapest. It was praised and regarded as an effect of Hungarian revisionism.⁽³⁷⁾

The nature of Hungarian immigrant on to the United States changed completely in the inter-war period. The large majority of Hungarian immigrants before World War I came from the rural districts and entered the grand army of unskilled labor in the United States. Under the operation of the post-war quota laws, the ratio of peasants in the small Hungarian quota was insignificant.⁽³⁸⁾ The majority of the new immigrants were professionals - lawyers, physicians, scientist, artists, and white collar workers in general. Furthermore, most of the intellectuals who left Hungary for the United States were born Jews. They left Hungary to find their careers outside their native land, and, of course, did not forget the anti-Jewish activities of the post-war years.

Hungarian revisionism realized the importance of these immigrants. To win their good will toward the old country, it was necessary to prove that Hungary was not such a Jew-baiting

country as believed by the left-wing immigrants, mainly socialists and Jews. For that reason, the Hungarian government invited one of the most prominent members of the American Jewish Community, Jacob Landau, President of the Jewish Telegraph Agency, to visit Hungary in 1931. Prime Minister Bethlen received him. After the reception Jacob Landau gave an interview to the Pester Lloyd, and he made the following statement with respect to the situation of the Jews in Hungary

Relations between Christians and Jews are today about the same as they were before the war. The circumstance that Jews played a prominent role in the Bolshevik revolution in 1919 strongly stimulated an anti-Semitic movement at the time. During the course of the last ten years anti-Semitism has steadly declined in influence on public opinion.

The Jews in Hungary are divided into two groups: the majority belong to the neologist branch, a group that has been fully assimilated; the Orthodox group has maintained many of the old forms. Both groups are officially recognized by the State and are subsidized by the Government in the various fields of religious and educational activity.⁽³⁹⁾

Jacob Landau stated, furthermore, that the Jews played a prominent role in Hungarian literature, science, industry, and trade.

Every Hungarian newspaper published in the United States after World War I had a permanent column about the "Old Fatherland". The main purpose of these columns was not only to inform their readers about events in Hungary but also to strengthen the patriotic spirit among American-Hungarians. These were informed that all of the miseries of the people in the old country were caused by the Peace Treaty. In 1923, the Amerikai Magyar Nepszava, published in New York, started a campaign on behalf of the Hungarian refugees from the successor states. The American-Hungarians in New York and New Jersey collected and sent twenty-six carloads of gift packages to Hungary through the

agency of Father Joseph Marczinko, a Hungarian priest residing in Passaic, New Jersey, and David Berko, Editor-in-Chief of the Amerikai Magyar Nepszava. The Uj elore (New Forward), a weekly publication of the American Hungarian Socialist Federation in New York, attacked the campaign furiously. The Socialist paper stated that the campaign was nothing else but a new scheme to rob American-Hungarian workers. The article ended with an appeal to the workers: "Workingmen and working women! Do your best that the plan of the Workman Slayer Government and the Marczinko-Berko gang should not succeed."⁽⁴⁰⁾ The result was the Uj Elore came to an end for lack of subscription. This fact illustrated the feelings of the Hungarian workers in New York toward the old country.

The Hungarian immigrants really did their best for Hungary's sake. They took every opportunity to declare the injustice of Trianon. During the presidential campaign of 1936, which was also the fifteenth anniversary of Trianon, the Szabadsag (Freedom), a Hungarian language daily published in Cleveland, campaigned to collect a million signatures demanding the revision of the Treaty of Trianon. The signatures were collected and given to President Roosevelt on March 4, 1936.⁽⁴¹⁾

The American-Hungarian organizations increased to over two hundred. It became clear that, for effective work, unity was necessary. On New Year's Day, 1929, a proclamation was issued to the "people of Magyar America" to send representatives to a grand assembly at Buffalo, New York, to establish unity, express everlasting loyalty to America, and lay down the lines along which a just revision of the Treaty of Trianon could be rendered possible.

The grand assembly met on May 29, 1929, in an optimistic but solemn mood. Fraternal organizations, the churches, and the press were well represented. The American Hungarian National

Fedetation was established. After that, this organization represented all Hungarians in America and fought with a united will for Hungary's sake.

In the meantime, a far-reaching plan was worked out by the Hungarian Revisionist League at home. To coordinate all revisionist works, the Hungarian World Alliance was founded, and its first congress met at Budapest from August 22 to August 24, 1929. The congress had a total membership of 746 representatives of which 477 were Hungarians living abroad, and 269 were foreign friends of Hungary. Eighty-eight Hungarian associations located in foreign countries were represented. Count Albert Apponyi, Hungary's grand old man, was elected chairman of the Congress. The Congress opened in the entrance hall of the National Museum with a welcoming speech by Baron Sigismond Perenyi, President of the Hungarian Revisionist League. Josika Herczeg, President of the American National Federation, in reply spoke for the foreign citizens of Hungarian origin, declaring that they had come to the mother country with a unity of feeling as regards the work of Hungarian revisionism.

The delegates of the Congress were received by the Regent. He pointed out that the mission of the Hungarians abroad was to develop their talents and abilities. While Hungarians living abroad consider themselves offshoots of the old tree, thriving on foreign soil, they should not forget that they derived their culture from the mother country which expects their support now, more than at any other time in her history. "Be," the Regent declared, "what you must be: good citizens of your new country, and good diplomats of your old fatherland".⁽⁴²⁾

The Congress decided, furthermore, that the attention of the whole world was to be called to the Hungarian boundary problem in the most spectacular way. Those were the days of the first trans-Atlantic flights. So it was decided to link the United States

and Hungary by a trans-Oceanic flight. The plan became the most spectacular feat of Hungarian revisionist propaganda. In July, 1931, newspapers all over the world reported on the front page that two Hungarian pilots, Alexander Magyar and George Endresz, had crossed the Atlantic Ocean from the United States to Hungary in a Lockheed-Sirius airplane The name of the airplane was "Justice for Hungary". According to the original plan, the flight would take place on June 4, 1930, the tenth anniversary of Hungary's signing of the Treaty of Trianon. Technical and financial problems arose, however, and the flight had to be postponed. The two Hungarian pilots flew from Chicago to Harbor Grace at Newfoundland via Detroit, then to Cleveland and New York. On July 15, 1931, they flew from Harbor-Grace to Budapest on a non-stop flight of twenty-six hours. It was the first time that an airplane crossing the ocean had radio contact both with the starting and landing aerodromes.

The Hungarian World Alliance held its second congress in 1939 at Budapest. The shadows of a new war overclouded the world. It seemed that the war would destroy all the achievements of Hungarian revisionism. Therefore, the new catch-word of the congress was "Justice for Hungary and Peace for the World". Furthermore, the orators of the second congress emphasized that Hungary was not alone. "One and a half million Hungarians see to Hungary's cause all over the world".⁽⁴³⁾ What Hungary needed at that time, was not so much revision but provision that the new war not end in another Trianon. When World War II broke out, many American-Hungarians felt that they must speak out. Their country of birth lay along the Nazis' road of conquest. The American Hungarian National Federation, on January 7, 1941, presented a memorandum to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The federation plegded the loyalty

of American citizens of Hungarian birth to the United States, willing and anxious to fulfill their duties of citizenship in the world's greatest democracy. lt recalled the services of Colonel Michael Kovats in America's War of Independence. Then it stated:

American citizens of Hungarian origin learned with deep regret that the government of Hungary found it impossible to avoid signing a pact with the Axis powers. By doing so, the Hungarian government had lost its freedom of independent action. The Hungarian people were no longer free to express their will. The Executive Committee of the American Hungarian Federation, therefore, considered it its duty to lead a movement for the preservation of an independent Hungary and for the freedom of its people".⁽⁴⁴⁾

The Federation spoke again a few days before Pearl Harbor It declared that while it would not accept a Hitler-dominated world, neither would it accept a world, like that of 1920's, in which the seeds of Hitlerism could be planted. This was a reference to the post-World War I peace settlement in which Hungary had lost the largest part of her territory. The Federation claimed that it would feel at liberty to continue its peaceful struggle for Hungary's thousand-year old rights and proposed the fullest autonomy as well as political and economic equality to all Slovak. Ruthenian and Rumanian nationalities within the boundaries of ancient Hungary. Furthermore, the Federation went on record in favor of a Danubian Confederation, in which Hungarians, Austrians, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbians, Rumanians, Croatians, Slovenians, Moravians, Bohemians, and Poles would be united for the common good with a view to protect themselves against either German or Russian aggression.⁽⁴⁵⁾ Hungarians, both at home and in America, fought for revision of Trianon with all their might. Had this any effect on America?

From a certain point of view, the answer can be a positive one. Senator Borah's and some other prominent Americans' activities for Hungary's cause were mentioned before. It is also a fact that President Roosevelt dealt with Hungary more leniently than other western statesmen, for instance the British. It seems that the President understood East-Central European problems and was willing to accept some kind of Danubian federation to prevent postwar Russian influence there.

Hungary, to promote this case in the United States, sent over one of the leading Hungarian statesmen, Tibor Eckhardt There were several suppositions about the object of Eckhardt's American visit. It was said that he had come here as a representative of Regent Horthy. It was also assumed that Eckhardt's object was to prepare an operational basis against the Germans in the United States. Eckhardt maintained many important Washington contacts. (This will be discussed in a later chapter.) However, he met the opposition of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile which did not want Hungary to be recognized as a semi-belligerent and thus reap the harvest of victory after the expected Allied triumph.

Historians, as a general rule, admit that Hungarians were right in fighting for revision of Trianon It has been argued many times, however, that the desire for revision drove Hungary into the German orbit. As a consequence of this, the second Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 was more severe for Hungary than that of Trianon. Minority protections, for example, for which President Wilson fought so bitterly in 1919 were not mentioned in 1947. Consequently, large Hungarian masses were expelled from the restored Czechoslovakia. And what was more, the mother country itself - with other East-Central European states - ceased to be part of Western European politics. But all of these historical events were beyond the control of Hungarians wherever they might live.

In 1940, in spite of the quota system of the 1920's, Hungarian was spoken in the United States by 453,000 persons, about one-half born in America and the other half abroad. Some of the third-generation Americans spoke Hungarian : 13,800. More than four-fifths of the people of Hungarian descent lived in six great industrial States of the East and Middle West: New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, Illinois, and Michigan. The Hungarian population of America was growing again after World War II.

27 Ibid., p. 197.

28 In that same year the number of German-language newspapers in the United States was 621.

29 N. W. Ayer & Sons, Directory (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer and Sons, 1942

30 For full details on the religious life of the Hungarian imigrant, see Geza Kende, Hungarians in Amenca (Cleveland- Szabadsag Publ., 1927).

31 Journal of the Verhovay Aid Association, February 21, 1946.

32 Alexander Halassy, The Hungarian Reform Federation of America, in manuscript.

33 Laszlo Lakatos, Golden Jubilee Book (Bridgeport: Ed. Rakoczi Aid Association, 1946).

34 For details see Kende, Hungarians in America.

35 The Hungarian Nation (Budapest: Monthly Review, 1921),II, No.3, p. 1.

36 U. S., For. Rel., Department of State, 711.64/12. Some years later, in 1936, Miklos Horthy, Regent of Hungary, conferred on Professor Heydt the Order of the Cross of Merit, 2nd class, for the champion of "Justice for Hungary."

37 U. S., For. Rel., Department of State, 864.00 P. R./36.

38 According to the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, Hungary's annual quota was 869 persons.

39 U. S., For. Rel., Department of State 864.4016/80.

40 "Father Marczinko and Horthy," Uj elore. April 4, 1923.

41 U. S., For. Rel., Department of State, 711.64 /12.

42 U. S., For. Rel., Department of State, 864.43/0134

43 Dezso Halacsy, A Vilag Magyarsagaert, p. 284

44 Quoted in Lengyel, Americans from Hungary , p. 175.

45 Ibid.

Mark Imre Major : American Hungarian Relations 1918-1944