The Tragedy of the Hungarians of Transcarpathia

Situated along the Ukrainian-Rumanian border, this town had 4518 inhabitants in 1944. In the autumn of 1944 the men were carried off from Aknaszlatina also, thus effectively putting a stop to the exploitation of the salt mines.

Reacting to our request, a survivor, Stercli Sandor (1905) wrote down his recollections of those events. He relates:

"My two brothers. Jozsef and Karoly, and I were taken on November 24, 1944 to 'three days of labour'. First, we ended up in Raho, from there, we were marched to Szolyva and finally settled in the Ural region. On the way, I had the sad fate of witnessing not only the death of my two brothers but of many other fellow sufferers too. I was fortunate enough to return to my family on December 27, 1946. I still think back to those days with great sadness".

From the material provided by the survivors, it has become clear that many men who spoke Czech escaped death by joining the legion. Most of these are still alive. But the reprisals still did not end with the repatriation of the deportees: in 1947, they again collected the young men and took them to Donbasz. Those who did not go voluntarily were arrested. That is why, while this recruiting went on, Zombori Istvan spent many a night in strangers haylofts.

From the particulars found in the archives, we could determine that: according to a report prepared in June 1945, 253 men from Aknaszlatina (born between 1897 and 1926) were in labour camps in Szolyva and Szambor. The name of the list's compiler is illegible. We also found the petition that the management of the salt mines of Aknaszlatina, among them Strempel Bela, wrote to Turjanica Ivan, president of the commissariat in Zakarpatszka-Ukrajina. They inform the president - "comrade" that 218 trained saltminers were deported; without their labours mining has come to a standstill. They ask that the miners listed below he released from labour camp. As far as we know, the NKVD did not comply with the management's request and only a few technical experts were returned from the deathcamps.

The activists of the KMKSZ* of Aknaszlatina (Tamas Jozsef, Benedek, Imre, Jr., Zombori Istvan, Pataki Ferenc, and Kereszteny Peter) went from house to house to compile their lists. They were also helped by many survivors. Thus it came to light that during W.W.II 20 men died in action. In the autumn of 1944, 690 civilians were deported; of whom 172 died in the camps, 518 returned. Show trials* were started against 15 people: - 1 was executed. The April 4, 1991 report shows that 150 are still alive. On November 24,1989 an iron cross was erected in the local graveyard to the memory of the victims of Stalinism.

In the autumn of 1991 a monument was also dedicated

*Karpataljai Magyar Kulturalis Szovetseg = The Hungarian Cultural Association of Karpatalja. "Karpatalja" is the historical Hungarian name for the territory given to Czechoslovakia after WW I, and subsequently handed over to the Soviets by Czechoslovakian President Eduard Benes in 1945. It is now part of the Ukraine.)

Stretching along the Tisza, this town, which underwent rapid industrialisation, had 3348 inhabitants in 1941

In the autumn of 1944, the overzealous Stalinists gathered all the available men who were of draft age and were either Hungarian or German-born. From material obtained from the statistical report sent to the commissariat in Ungvar, we can determine that 92 men were deported to labour or POW camps. Even those 18-19 old youngsters who never carried a gun were mercilessly interned in the Szolyva concentration camp

The final list of the town's losses is not available yet. But Sari Jozsef, Jr. sent us a letter from one survivor where he records from memory the names of his fellow sufferers. There are only 22 names on this list; of these 13 perished.

The KMKSZ of Bustyahaza was established in 1992 under the presidency of Kortvelyesi Jozsef

The Hungarian residents set a commemorative tablet into the wall of the Roman Catholic chapel in 1992.

Situated along the shores of the Sopurka river, in the most beautiful region of the Upper Tisza, this town has 3215 inhabitants, of which 670 are Hungarian-born. In 1944, it had 2276 residents.

We could not find any material concerning this town in the district office's archives. The activists of the local KMKSZ which was founded in 1989 (presidents: Macsek Iren, Henrich Otto), with the help of a survivor, Majer Ferenc, have detailed the losses of the village. In the autumn of 1944, the Stalinists carried off 82 people, among them 3 mothers with children at home: Mrs. Schneider Janos, - nee Korent Erzsebet (1919); Mrs. Seff Ferenc, - nee Wermester Iren (1909); and Mrs. Zadranski Arnold, - nee Korent Maria (1916). Of the deported, 29 died and 53 returned.

We quote from the diary of Rakoczy Sandor:

"The march was arduous and we were always hungry. Almost every day someone from my village died. I noted down all the names and details of their death so as to be able to tell their relatives once I get home with God's help".

On November 4, 1990, a memorial was erected in the Catholic cemetery to the memory of the victims of Stalinism.

Located in the most beautiful part of the Upper Tisza region, this historic town had in 1944: - 21,118 inhabitants of mixed origins. After W.W.II, the number of those of Hungarian descent had greatly diminished.

In the autumn of 1944, the Stalinist not only carried off to camps the German-and Hungarian-born men, but also brutally humiliated the 17 to 20 year old girls and women who had German names; these were also deported to labour camps. To this day, representatives of the old regime deny that women from Transcarpathia were interned.

Among the material recovered from the archives, we found lists prepared on July 5, 1945, and signed "Brinzej", president of the Huszt commissariat, detailing the names of the men in POW camps and other places of unknown sites. The report, sent to the Ungvar commissariat contains the names of 439 men (born between 1893 and 1926) subject to the draft. Alongside 273 men's names is the mention "located in unknown place". The military addresses are shown alongside the names of the remaining men who were conscripted and had joined the Hungarian army. Only Brar Jozsef (1925), resident of Huszt, is indicated as having been taken to the camp at Szolyva.

The leaders of the Huszt KMKSZ, Udut Sandor, Buzinkay Janos and others, encountered many difficulties in preparing the list of the town's losses. The situation is confused; those who could furnish information are still afraid to speak or evoking the past is still too painful for them. So far, they managed to obtain details on 84 deportees and they discovered that 26 prisoners died in camp. Since they have not finished their lists, we cannot give further details. However, they have brought to light a striking number of innocent, young women who were subjected to the most unspeakable humiliations by the Stalinists: - Dan Ilona . . . . Veinrauch Katalin (1925). Maybe not even time heal the wounds inflicted on them by the Stalinists.

On November 24, 1990, the KMKSZ organised a memorial service in the local cemetery and erected a wooden monument to the Hungarian and German victims of Stalinism.

In 1944, this town had 12,717 inhabitants of mixed Ruthen-German-Hungarian origins. Presently, there are 1100 Hungarian residents.

According to the material found in the archives: - the local authorities (the names of the town's mayor and the secretary are illegible) prepared the report that 136 draft-age men "resided at unknown locations".

The KMKSZ's lists contain the names of 41 civilian deportees, among them youngsters of German origin and women (Frindt-Derencsuk Borbala /1907/. . . . . . . . . . ). Eight people joined the Czech legion already formed in Szolyva. The Hungarian-born men and women were interned on December 22, 1944 in Novogorlovka, near Donbasz. They were made to labour at various jobs during 22 months. In September 1945 typhoid fever broke out; many died in the epidemic. In the confusion that reigned then, many family members and relatives of party-members were also carried off. For instance, the cousin of Turjanica Ivan, leader of the (communist) party of Transcarpathia, was also there but was released within a few days. Most prisoners were only released in the autumn of 1949. All in all, 39 people were deported to the Stalinist camps; 28 perished and 11 returned.

Upon the initiative of the KMKSZ, a monument was erected in the local cemetery on October 24, 1990.

Presently, there are about 300 Hungarian-born inhabitants in this town which is located along the Ukrainian-Rumanian border, on the shores of the Tisza. In 1944, it had 7,427 residents. We could not find any material concerning it in the district's archives.

The president of the local KMKSZ, which was founded in 1992, did not send us yet his list of the town s losses. However, we did hear from a survivor, Hormanszki Ferenc. In his letter, he tells us that: on November 20, 1944, about 39 men of draft age were taken from the town, first to Raho, then to the Szolyva concentration camp. Among them were some of German origin. Our writer was imprisoned together with his father, who perished in the far-away Gulag camps. He, himself, was released in 1947. Of the 39 deportees to the camp in Nevianszk, 17 returned and 22 died there.

The survivors, together with the activists of the KMKSZ, started the movement to erect a memorial.

Situated in picturesque surroundings, this district centre had, in 1944, 12,455 inhabitants of Ruthenian, Hungarian, and Rumanian origins. Of these, 1400 were Hungarians.

We could not find any material concerning Raho in the archives. The KMKSZ, founded in 1989 under the presidency of Bilics Eva, started amassing the data on the deportations.

She reports that on December 25, 1944:

the Hungarian and German nationals were collected in the former telephone central, from there, on January 2, 1945, they were transported by truck to the various camps. The women, between the ages of 18-35, were taken to Voloc (Wisauer Klotild, Stadler Valeria, Baron Jolan, Francz Maria, Neuman Erzsebet, Zaharovics Erzsebet, Schmolnauer Jolan). Schmolnauer Jolan got sick on the road and was therefore released. To make up the complement, they caught a little girl, Kulinyak Babi, who happened to be out walking on the street. It was a mild day, all she wore was light clothing, yet they took her along. Later, the women gave her a skirt to put over her head and some rags for her feet. When she learned what happened, her poor mother, dressed in slippers and robe, ran wailing after the truck, but the soldiers were adamant and did not let the child go. She was taken away; her fate is unknown.

Ninety-three people were deported from the town; of these 32 perished and 61 returned.

Upon the initiative of the KMKSZ, a monument was erected in the local graveyard to the victims of Stalinism.

Stretching along the valley of the Latorca river, this town had about 8,000 inhabitants in 1944. As is well-known, on its outskirts was built the infamous deathcamp where innocent people died by the tens of thousands. In the camp's prayers, it became known as "the valley of death".

In August 1992, here too, the KMKSZ was established and elected Joross Bela as its president. They chose as their main purpose the sponsorship of a monument under construction, dedicated to the memory of the camps' victims, in a field alongside the First World War's military cemetery.

In November 1992, upon the initiative of the Roman Catholic parishioners, their pastor blessed the nameless mass graves and symbolically buried the victims during a funeral service. All those who were present committed themselves to yearly remembrance of the victims. The activists of the KMKSZ have started the task of collecting the names of the Hungarian, Saxon and German deportees from the town.

This upper Tisza region settlement counts nowadays more than 50 but less than a 100 Hungarian inhabitants. We could find no material in the district's archives concerning this hamlet. The local chapter of the KMKSZ, established in 1992, (president: Fulop Janos) has to this day not sent in the list of the village's losses.

We know that Hungarian men were deported from here also, a fact brought to our attention by a response we received from one Suto Laszlo, resident of Tarackoz, who writes:

"We inform you that our father, Suto Bertalan (1896), was also taken to 'three days of labour on November 20, 1944. He was marched under escort to Szolyva where he fell ill with dysentery. He was sent to the hospital in Sztarij Szambor; unfortunately, he never returned. Together with him, our brother-in-law, Tomcsik Zoltan (1920), was also deported but they were separated in Szolyva. He (Tomcsik) was sent to Orel where he worked in an electric power station until 1946 when he was released emaciated; weighing only 45 kg. on his return." (The letter is dated February 10, 1991)

Situated on the shores of the Tisza, this village is inhabited by Hungarians and Hungarianized Germans. In 1944, it had 2648 residents. We could not find anything concerning this village in the district's archives.

The local KMKSZ, established on October 29, 1989, has collected the material for the list of the village's losses, but the leadership (Vadas Vilmos, Vadas Maria, Korn Maria) did not send us the camp lists. We know that 52 men were deported in the autumn of 1944; of these, 6 died in camps but 46 returned. Four people were brought to show trial.

Under the leadership of the KMKSZ, a memorial tablet to the victims of Stalinism was set in the local cemetery.

In 1944, this former crown city, situated along the shores of the Tisza, had 10,731 inhabitants

According to the notes taken by Szollosy Tibor: - a survivor, K. Istvan, relates the events of the deportations of November.

"The Russian troops arrived Sunday. On Thursday, they issued a proclamation that all Hungarian men between the ages of 16 and 55 must register at city hall for three days of labour. I took along the medical certificates of my disability and showed them to Nagy Lajos who was busy making arrangements. He was a communist, so he was trusted; he had fought in Spain. He said I can stand three days. About. 300 of us were collected; - another transport had already left before us, escorted by some 'half-Hungarians' like Szligan Joska who was given a rifle. We left in the direction of Huszt; several of the men escaped during the march. We were driven toward the camp at Szolyva where an epidemic of typhoid fever was raging. There very many people died; every morning they took wagon loads of corpses."

Another survivor, Erdo Karoly - who had just completed his 24th year - tells how he was picked up, with other men, by sub-machine-gun-toting Russian soldier and taken to city hall. There he was told to take three days' worth of food and he will have to go build bridges and roads. They were marched off under armed guard but not all deportees could keep up: -

"My neighbour, K.T. could not walk, the poor man was ill. The Russian soldiers yelled at him and one even took off his gun to shoot him, but we surrounded the unfortunate man and carried him along with us for two days until we reached Szolyva. Before that, in Huszt, everything we had was taken away from us. There we were herded into barracks so crowded that we could hardly stand, let alone lie down. By morning several people had already died; the bodies were tossed unto a wagon and taken out to be buried. We got nothing to eat; those who had something, ate, those who didn't went without. In a few days, we were taken farther."

One could fill reams with similar stories. We also found material on Tecso in the district's archives. On June 9, 1945, the local authorities listed the names and data on all men who were deported or sent to POW camps. Alongside many, they showed the names of the Szolyva, Szambor, Szanok and other deathcamps. There are 367 names on these lists of men born between 1890 and 1926.

With the help of survivors, the activists of the local KMKSZ tried to find out how many came back. The material they collected shows that 29 men died in battle during W.W.II; 190 were deported as civilians: - of whom 79 perished, 111 returned, and, as of February 25, 1991, 41 are still living. Twenty-eight people were brought to a show trial. On November 20, 1989, a commemorative tablet to the victims of Stalinism was placed in the local cemetery.

There are barely 200 Hungarians among the 3000 inhabitants of this village.

In the district's archives, we found a list compiled on July 3, 1945 by the local judge and secretary (their signatures are illegible) that 135 men subject to military service were in camps or in "unknown places". The local KMKSZ (president: Papariga Eva), which was founded in 1990, did not send us any of the requested material. Therefore, based on our research in the archives, we can only state that deportations did take place here also.

This large village is situated on the other bank of the Tisza in the Ukrainian-Rumanian border region. In 1944, it had 7644 inhabitants of mixed origins.

The deportations of November 1944 caused untold suffering, the wounds of which are still raw. Sari Jozsef Sr., who had also "gone to hell and back", spoke during the 1989 Beregszasz memorial conference and advised his fellow Hungarian mourners: -

"Let us try to have time and memory bring us peace and heal our unspeakable pain. We cannot build a viable future on hate."

The local pastor, Forgon Pal, bishop of the Reformed Church of Transcarpathia, fought fiercely for the rights of the deported; as a consequence and on the basis of fabricated charges he spent long years in a Siberian labour camp. Nagy Laszlo, resident of Sarospatak (although born in Satoraljaujhely, he had a teaching post in Visk from September 1939 until the fateful day of deportations) sent us a long, 23 typewritten-page chronicle of the calvary of the men of Visk. Here are some random samples taken from his recollection:

"On November 27, 1944, all Hungarian men between the ages of 18 to 60 were ordered out for three days of labour - with enough food for 3 days. Those who delayed were collected by the military, with the assistance of some of the Ruthaenian inhabitants. Only those who fled to the woods remained at large. But, as I found out later, the collection of men resumed twice more. At noon, 600 Hungarians left but we had no inkling of our destination.

The three days turned into three years; half of those who left never returned to their homes. We left at noon on November 27, and were marched to Huszt, arriving there around 5-6 o'clock. We spent three days there, in a fenced-in block-house. In the morning of November 30, we left for Szolyva, via Beregszasz and Munkacs. The march took three days; we arrived in Szolyva on the evening of the third day. The view of the camp from close by was dreadful. Our shock was heightened when the gate was opened and a big truck laden with corpses was let out before we were admitted. The view inside was even more horrible. Within the barbed wire fence, an epidemic of typhoid fever was raging: every day two truckloads of corpses were taken out. We spent three days here; then went to Sztrij, from there to the camp at Szambor.

On December 17th, they put us into cattle cars: we reached Nyevjanszk in the Urals after three weeks. Those who did not assiduously de-louse themselves, died after 1-2 days - the lice ate them up. By the time we reached Nyevjanszk, 300 men had died of the 1000 that left."

Upon the request of the authorities, a list was compiled on July 11, 1945, of the men who landed behind barbed wire. It is signed by Ivan Tamas, then leader of the village. But the list we found in the archives in Beregszasz is incomplete: - its last pages are missing. On it there are only 308 names of men subject to military service. No mention is made of their ages nor to which camp they were sent since they counted civilians as POWs.

The activists of the KMKSZ, led by Sari Jozsef, Sr., started to compile the lists of the village's losses in November 1989. They proceeded with their in-depth survey by going from house to house. From the material they collected, the following picture emerges: there were 17 POWs from Visk, the remainder of the men were civilians taken from their homes and escorted by armed guard on their march to the concentration camp of Szolyva. So far, they identified 286 returned.

On November 26, 1989, during a funeral service, the residents erected a wooden memorial to the victims of Stalinism in the churchyard of the Reformed Church of Visk. Since then, a service is held every year in memory of these senseless deaths.

Belonging to the administrative district of Szernye, this hamlet had, in 1944, 680 residents. In November of that year, 106 Hungarian men, in the prime of their lives, were deported; those who professed to be Ruthenians or Slovaks were spared the horror of the camps. Of the deportees, 20 returned and 86 died.

The February 11, 1992 report shows that 13 are still alive. Three people were put on show trial, one of whom was executed. The Stalinist local activists never ceased their pressure on the Hungarian inhabitants.

The local chapter of the KMKSZ, erected a wooden monument in November 1989 and, on November 2, 1990, dedicated a tablet to the memory of the victims of Stalinism and of W.W.II. The list of the village's losses was compiled Suto Antal, Majoros Bela, Fokasz Valeria and Szilagyi Sandor, all activists of the local KMKSZ.

Stretching along the Munkacs-Ungvar highway, this village was inhabited in 1944 by 3578 residents of mixed origins.

From this village, in November 1944, 173 Hungarian men of the Reformed Church were deported; of these 71 died and 102 came back. If we add the men deported from the neighbouring Kajdano, the number exceeds 200. According to a February 11, 1991 report, 47 are still among the living. Twenty-four men died in battle in W.W.II. Three residents of the village were put on show trial

The activists of the KMKSZ (Toth Margit, Molnar Vince, Szarka Janos) compiled the list of the village's losses and started the movement towards a memorial to the victims of W.W.II and Stalinism. On December 6, 1991, a commemorative monument was dedicated in the churchyard of the Reformed Church.

In 1944, this Hungarian settlement had 1906 inhabitants.

In November 1944, 300 people were deported from here; of these, 101 perished and 199 returned. In W.W.II, 29 died in action According to a February 14, 1991 report, 26 of the deportees are still living.

It is interesting to note that the age limit for deportation was 55 in neighbouring Dercen, but it was raised to 60 in Csongor. The local KMKZ (Nagy Sandor, Torma Frika, Tamasi Erika, Hadar Gyozo not only compiled the list of the village's dead but also immortalised them by erecting a memorial in the churchyard in 1990.

In 1944, there were 2017 inhabitants in this, the largest and developing Hungarian settlement of this district. In November of that year, 402 people were deported, most between the ages of 18 and 55, the youngest being 17 and the oldest 66 years old. On January 27, 1945, another 19 people were deported, as political prisoners, without just cause, judicial inquiry or trial. Among them were a man of 67, a mother in her fifties, and six 16-year old boys. Most of them were sent back after three years in Stalinist camps. The losses of the village: 23 died in battle in W.W.II, of the deportees 72 died in the various camps of the Gulag, and 330 returned. According to a 1991 report, 72 are still living.

We could not find any material concerning this village in the district's archives. The lists were compiled by the activists Fodor Ferenc, Bakos Lajos, Szabo Marton and Horvath Ilona; their work continues.

We learn from Fodor Ferenc that Uszta Gyorgy, leader of the partisans, played a big role in the preparations for the deportations. Later he became a party-functionary, then brigadier-general and First under-secretary of Defence of Hungary between the years 1956-62. He was raised in Dercen, then in early November he re-appeared there. He lied and cheated and misled the villagers of his birthplace and caused the men of Dercen to be scattered, via the Szolyva concentration camp, throughout the camps of the Ukraine, Central-Asia, and Siberia.

In memory of those who died, the activists of the KMKSZ erected, on November 26, 1989 a wooden monument and dedicated a memorial in the churchyard of the Reformed Church on May 12, 1992

In 1944, the inhabitants of this village counted 989 people.

According to the material collected by teachers Fodor Ferenc and Gulacsi Geza, 42 people were deported from here in the autumn of 1944; 20 of them died. Since no KMKSZ has been established here yet, the compilation of the lists of deportees was undertaken by the survivors and teachers. But here also, the village and church have honoured their dead by erecting a common tombstone, to which they also added the names of the 15 men who died in action.

This village, one of five of purely Hungarian stock, situated on the plains, had 1804 residents in 1944. The deportations of the autumn of 1944 did not touch the Ruthenians; - those who belonged to the Reformed Church were all carried off.

We found in the archives, the lists prepared for Izsnyete by the local authorities on July 16, 1945 which contains 172 names. The compilers mention that these people reside "at unknown locations" or in POW camps. The material gathered by the local KMKSZ (by Meszar Iren, Derkacs Laszlo, Gati Ilona) reveals the following: 11 died in action on the various battlefields of W.W.II and 40 of the deported Hungarian men perished in Stalin's concentration camps.

As of 1990, 12 of the deportees were still alive. The collecting of data still continues.

The villagers, together with the activists of the KMKSZ, erected a monument to their dead in the churchyard of the Reformed Church in 1991.

This, the second largest city in Transcarpathia, had in 1944 31,602 inhabitants.

The officers of the local KMKSZ are preparing the list of the deportees and the work continues, but we can already form a picture of the extent of these deportations which included Hungarians, Germans, men, women, and even mothers of families.

According to Gulacsi Geza: - people were carried off from November 18, 1944 to the end of the 1940s. First, they took the men only; then, from December 1944, in line with the men, they started taking Hungarian and German women. Later, whole families were deported, women, children. Then it was the Uniate, Roman Catholic, Reformed Church priests' and pastors' turn. The collecting point was in the Rakoczi-residence; - long lines of deportees were headed there from the German-inhabited Posahaza, Varalja, and Palanka. Only a few returned in 1950 from the Soviet Gulags. The officers of the NKVD let go all those who professed to be Ruthenian or Slovak.

From the end of December 1944, the girls and women between the ages of 18 and 30 had to report at the town-clerk's office. Only those women were spared who had babies under the age of one. On January 1, 1945, the women's group of 200-250 was herded into open railroad wagons. Among them were 40-50 from Posahaza, Palanka, or Nagyret. They were taken to Voloc, the second Transcarpathian concentration camp after Szolyva. This one was prepared for women. From there, they were transferred to the coke and chemical factories of Gorlovka. It was only five years later that the last group was released.

In March 1946, the German families of Munkacs were still being interned, many taken to the region of Tyumeny where they were held for years, together with the Germans of the Volga region. The compiling of the lists and the research continue but we know by now that there were 123 victims of Stalinist terror, among them 3 women. Seventy-four men and 40 women returned alive (mixed, Hungarian or German).

The surrounding German-inhabited villages did not make up the lists of their losses yet. According to some estimates, over 2000 people were deported As per lists presented by the officers of the KMKSZ (Gajdos Gyorgyne, Olah Gyorgy, Neubauer Ferenc, Kron Pal, Popovics Bela), about 251 Hungarian men were deported of whom 125 perished and 126 came back.

In 1992, 49 were still alive. Lists we found in the district's archives that were prepared by the local authorities contain 772 names of people who, at that time, resided in "unknown locations" or labour-camps. On November 18, 1989, the local KMKSZ organized a memorial service in the cultural centre. On November 17, 1991., on the square in front of the Rakoczi-residence, was erected Transcarpathia's first commemorative statue, the creation of the Munkacs-born sculptor, Matl Peter. Also, a marble memorial plaque was placed on the wall of the Rakoczi-residence, the former collection point. These initiatives were supported by the German association.

This Hungarian village of the plains had, in 1944, 1494 inhabitants. It has its own village council. More than 2000 people live here now.

In November 1944, 204 people were collected and deported to Szolyva; of these, 34 died and 170 returned. The local activists (Horkay Zoltan, Nagy Balazs, Barta Zoltan, Kiss Maria) also discovered that during those months 49 POWs and deserters from Szernye were locked up in camps. In W.W.II, 13 men died in action.

Thanks to the local KMKSZ, a monument was erected to the victims of Stalinist terror in the centre of the village, next to the Reformed Church. At the same time, they put back the monument to those who died in action in the First World War where 27 names are engraved.

Furthermore, in 1990, a memorial was placed in the school yard to honour Balogh Sandor, erstwhile conductor of "Gyongykalaris" (a glee club) and well-known poet who was imprisoned for over 10 years in Siberian camps

The Tragedy of the Hungarians of Transcarpathia